Study of effect on parameters of bend quality for tubes

Tube bending is a metal forming process that is used to shape pipes or tubing. Bending machines take straight tube stock and create a shape involving single or multiple bends. This allows the tubing to be formed in any fashion to fit the application's specific needs. The process of tube bending involves using mechanical force to push stock material pipe or tubing against a die, forcing the pipe or tube to conform to the shape of the die.
There are three basic bends that are commonly used: the 90° bend, the common offset, and the saddle. Wrinkles occur when the mandrel inside the tube is no longer able to provide enough counteractive force. Wipers are always used in combination with mandrels inserted inside the tube during bending. The mandrel's primary job is to control the shape on the outside radius of the bend. They are excessively used in everything from the automotive industry to aviation, shipbuilding, aerospace, oil and gas, etc. The automotive sector heavily relies on mandrel bending machines to minimize thin wall tubing's ovality when it's bent.