Role of physiology and immunology of the vector in disease transmission and effect of temperature and environment on the interaction of host and parasite

When an infection modifies the host's behavior of a way that benefits the pathogen, this is known as manipulation. Diseases spread by vectors are not an exception.  As the name suggests, infections may directly disrupt host functions in order to regulate behavior. Nonetheless, these characteristics are probably influenced by the host's physiology and reaction to infection. Based on recent research on changed host-seeking in mosquitoes infected with malaria parasites, we emphasize the significance of taking host reaction and physiology into account. We contend that this broad approach will yield useful information across disease transmitted via vectors systems. We also point out how the malaria vector's humoral and cellular immune responses are influenced by ambient temperature.  Phagocytosis and defensin production peaked at about 18°C, cecropin expression did not exhibit a significant influence of temperature or humoral melanization, and nitric oxide synthase production peaked at 30°C. Furthermore, intricate relationships between temperature, duration, and the kind of immunological challenge were seen in immune responses, which could rather than simply scale with temperature. As a result, immunological patterns seen in one set of circumstances don't give much information about how they would behave in even slightly different circumstances. Both the qualitative and quantitative effects of temperature have significant implications for the efficacy of various vector control methods and for extending organic or recombinant mechanisms for resistant from laboratory studies to the field, despite being frequently ignored in vector biology.