SMO theory: A comprehensive review of oxytocin secretion via serotonin and melatonin pathways

Shingo Ueda *

UNI H & H Graduate School, Japan.
 
Review
International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2024, 13(02), 647–657.
Article DOI: 10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.2.2135
Publication history: 
Received on 26 September 2024; revised on 06 November 2024; accepted on 09 November 2024
 
Abstract: 
The secretion of oxytocin, a neuropeptide critical for social bonding, emotional regulation, and reproductive processes, is influenced by complex neuroendocrine pathways. Among these, the serotonin and melatonin pathways have garnered significant attention for their roles in modulating oxytocin release. The Serotonin-Melatonin-Oxytocin (SMO) Theory proposes a synergistic interaction between these neurotransmitters and hormones, with serotonin acting as a precursor to melatonin and both regulating oxytocin secretion through circadian rhythms and neurochemical signaling. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current research on the serotonin and melatonin pathways in relation to oxytocin release. We explore the molecular mechanisms involved, the influence of circadian rhythms, and the broader physiological and behavioral implications of the SMO pathway. Additionally, the review discusses how dysregulation of this system may contribute to mood disorders, stress responses, and social behavior abnormalities. By integrating findings from neurobiology, chronobiology, and endocrinology, this paper aims to provide a holistic understanding of the SMO pathway and its critical role in oxytocin secretion.
 
Keywords: 
Oxytocin; Serotonin; Melatonin; SMO Pathway; Circadian Rhythms; Neuroendocrine Regulation
 
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