Renal caliculi: Types, mechanism, therapeutic approaches encompassing role of GAGS, MGP, Hormones, UPTF1, CAI, Osteopontin

Mamatha M *, Ganga Raju M, NVL Suvarchala Reddy V, Priyanka V, Durga Sireesha V, Poojitha GJ and Rithika M

Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
 
Review
International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2024, 11(01), 2491–2501.
Article DOI: 10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0341
Publication history: 
Received on 14 January 2024; revised on 21 February 2024; accepted on 24 February 2024
 
Abstract: 
Kidney stones are deposits in the renal pelvis, calyces, and ureters and reside in urine. Kidney stones undergo biomineralization pathogenesis via nucleation, aggregation, and growth of caliculi. The greater prevalence of kidney stones in men than in women may be due to the link between sex hormones. Kidney equilibrium is maintained with glycosaminoglycans inhibiting growth and aggregation. Sialylated glycoforms of urinary prothrombin fragment 1 prevent calcium stone development. Crystal adherence to tubules is inhibited by CAI, and osteopontin inhibits calculi formation. Medical treatments involve the use of alpha blocker, potassium citrate, thiazide, NSAIDS, opioids, antiemetics and other drugs used in treatment of kidney stone, Alpha adrenoceptor blockers, calcium channel blockers and corticosteroids help to expel renal stones, chemolytic treatment and it could be necessary to remove stones surgically if they are affecting kidney function with the use of techniques. Use of catheter, ultrasound, using a flexible scope equipped with a laser, HDAC inhibitors and many are recent advances in treatment lithiasis.
 
Keywords: 
Glycosaminoglycans; Maxtra Gla protein; Crystal adhesion inhibitor; UPTF1; Osteopontin
 
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