Phytomicrobiome systems affect plant health and crop production

The sustainability of plant life is intimately connected to its evolution with microbial life. Based on experimental evidence, microbial assemblages benefit plants on molecular, cellular, and ecological levels. The plant microbiome or phytomicrobiome are the microbes closely associated with a particular plant species. Distinct plant microbial ecosystems are in the phyllosphere, rhizosphere, soil, and endosphere. Plant-associated microbes affect plants in numerous ways and participate in various physiological functions essential for the plant, including nutrient recycling, the breakdown and synthesis of critical molecules, and other phytoprotective functions. While studying plant-microbe interactions is not new, recent developments in metagenomic sequencing and high-throughput pathway identification techniques have allowed scientists to explore unculturable microbes associated with plants. This review primarily focuses on the significant role of the phytomicrobiome and describes the prevalent taxonomic units found in association with plants. Plants are suitable tractable model systems to study plant-microbe interactions and can be grown under different experimental conditions to examine other characteristics of the phytomicrobiome. This article also provides a systematic review of the current research on the phytomicrobiome. It explores the extent to which the phytomicrobiome participates in an essential process that promotes plant fitness and sustainabilityand reviews research that focuses on microbiome community shifts in response to abiotic and biotic stress. Genetic engineering of plant-associated microbes to enhance plant growth and protection is addressed. The use of nanofertilizers and phytomicrobiome transplantation to restore plant health and improve the success of agriculturally beneficial crops is also discussed.