Diagnosis and treatment options for bladder cancer: A review

Priyanka Tanwar 1, *, Mamta Naagar 2, Garima Malik 3, Md Shamshir Alam 4, Tarun Singh 2, Omveer Singh 2 and Manish Kumar Maity 2

1 Department of Pharmacology, Bhagvan Mahavir Institute of Medical Sciences, Sonipat-131030, Haryana, India.
2 Department of Pharmacy Practice, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be university), Mullana-133207, Ambala, Haryana, India.
3 Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be university), Mullana-133207, Ambala, Haryana, India.
4 Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO Box 620, Postal code 130, Bosher-Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
 
Review
International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2023, 08(01), 165-172.
Article DOI: 10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0013
Publication history: 
Received on 25 November 2022; revised on 07 January 2023; accepted on 09 January 2023
 
Abstract: 
Bladder cancer is the most frequent kind of urinary tract cancer. We will look at the most recent breakthroughs in the diagnosis and treatment of this illness in this review. The most significant tools in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer are cystoscopy and urine cytology. Several options have been examined, either to minimise the frequency of cystoscopy or to increase its sensitivity for tumour identification. Urine-based markers and point-of-care testing are examples of this. When compared to routine resection under white light, narrow-band imaging and photodynamic diagnosis/blue-light cystoscopy have showed promise in improving identification and minimising recurrence of bladder tumours by enhancing bladder resection completeness. The majority of individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer for the first time have non-muscle-invasive disease, which necessitates adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. The latest advancements in intravesical post-resection regimens are presented. Both laparoscopic radical cystectomy and robot-assisted radical cystectomy have been proven to minimise peri-operative morbidity while being oncologically equal to open radical cystectomy in the medium term for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Bladder-preserving methods include resection and chemoradiation, and in certain cases, they are as effective as surgery. These novel techniques are also examined in terms of their development, benefits, and drawbacks.
 
Keywords: 
Bladder cancer; Cystoscopy; Narrow-band imaging; Photodynamic Diagnosis; Radical cystectomy; Urinary markers
 
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