The biological basis of Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive review

Abderraouf Guessoum 1, 2, *, Mohammed Abouelsoud 1 and Ikram Khirani 3

1 U: The Mind Company, Columbus, Ohio, United States.
2 Public Hospital Institution Saadaoui El Mokhtar, Ain Oussera, Algeria.
3 Public Hospital Institution Said Aouamri, Setif, Algeria.
 
Review
International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2024, 12(02), 2685–2706.
Article DOI: 10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.2.1473
Publication history: 
Received on 01 July 2024; revised on 16 August 2024; accepted on 19 August 2024
 
Abstract: 
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite extensive research efforts, the exact biological basis of PD remains elusive. This comprehensive review explores the current understanding of the pathophysiology of PD, focusing on epidemiology, genetics, environmental factors, molecular and cellular mechanisms, neuropathology, and clinical manifestations. The article synthesizes information from recent studies and expert opinions to provide a multifaceted perspective on the complex interplay of various factors contributing to PD development and progression. Key areas of discussion include the roles of alpha-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and the gut-brain axis. The review also highlights potential therapeutic targets and future research directions aimed at unraveling the intricate biological basis of PD.
 
Keywords: 
Parkinson's Disease; Neurodegeneration; Alpha-synuclein; Dopaminergic neurons; Neuroinflammation; Gut-brain axis
 
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Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0