Batteries in PV Systems: A comprehensive analysis of performance, efficiency and cost in personal house use

The rapid shift toward renewable energy sources, driven by decarbonization goals and smart grid development, has elevated the role of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BES) in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of power supply frameworks. This study provides a comprehensive review of BES technologies, focusing on their classification, selection factors, sizing methodologies, optimization techniques, and associated challenges. Various battery types including lead-acid, lithium-ion (Li-ion and LiFePO4), flow, and nickel-cadmium are analyzed in terms of efficiency, lifespan, and suitability for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Key parameters such as depth of discharge, round-trip efficiency, capacity, and cycle life are examined to guide battery selection. Furthermore, the study highlights economic, environmental, and technical challenges including power quality, aging effects, and system integration. By addressing research gaps and presenting future directions, this paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers aiming to design sustainable and optimized BES solutions for renewable energy systems.