Antidiabetic potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs): A comprehensive review

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin secretion, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. One effective strategy for managing diabetes is the inhibition of enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, particularly alpha glucosidase, which plays a key role in breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides, such as glucose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising antidiabetic agents due to their ability to inhibit alpha glucosidase activity. Unlike synthetic silver nanoparticles, biogenic AgNPs are synthesized using natural sources like plant extracts, fungi, or microorganisms, offering advantages such as environmentally friendly production methods, superior stability, and enhanced biological activity. Several studies have demonstrated that AgNPs derived from medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica (neem), Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) exhibit significant alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects. In addition to enzyme inhibition, biogenic AgNPs also show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties, contributing to their potential in diabetes management. Despite the promising results, challenges remain regarding size control, distribution, and long-term toxicity of AgNPs. This review explores the mechanisms of action, benefits, challenges, and future clinical applications of biogenic AgNPs as antidiabetic agents. The findings suggest that biogenic AgNPs may offer a safer and more effective alternative to conventional diabetes therapies, with the potential for future clinical applications in the treatment of diabetes. Further research and clinical trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy and safety for widespread use.