Postpartum depression and its risk factors: A review

Postpartum depression is a prevalent health disorder which affecting women’s mental condition during the postnatal period, characterized by mood swings, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. PPD is a complex condition influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. It can lead to significant adverse outcomes for both mothers and infants if not identified and managed promptly. Various biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to the onset of PPD, including hormonal fluctuations, genetic predisposition, prenatal anxiety, and lack of social support. Understanding these risk factors is essential for early diagnosis and effective intervention. This study conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature to identify the primary risk factors associated with PPD. The analysis included data from diverse populations across different countries, examining biological, psychological, and social determinants. Key studies were selected based on their relevance, sample size, and methodological rigor. The prevalence of PPD was analysed in relation to factors such as prenatal depression, caesarean section, vitamin D deficiency, and genetic markers. Additionally, therapeutic interventions like Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy, and pharmacological managements were evaluated for their effectiveness in managing PPD. Early identification and intervention are critical to mitigating its impact on mothers and infants. Effective management strategies should include a combination of psychological therapies, pharmacological treatments, and strong social support systems. Public health initiatives must prioritize education, awareness, and access to mental health services to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of PPD, thereby improving maternal and child health outcomes.