Silver nanoparticles (AGNPs): A review on properties and behavior of silver at the nanoscale level

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered significant interest due to their unique and enhanced properties compared to bulk silver. These nanoparticles exhibit remarkable chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, primarily attributed to their high surface area-to-volume ratio and nanoscale dimensions. Key properties include superior antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities, potent catalytic capabilities, and distinctive optical properties, such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). These enhanced properties stem from the increased surface reactivity and quantum effects at the nanoscale. AgNPs are extensively applied across various fields. In medicine, they are utilized for their antimicrobial properties in wound dressings, coatings for medical devices, and as components in drug delivery systems. In environmental science, they serve as effective agents in water treatment processes due to their potent antimicrobial action. Additionally, AgNPs are employed in electronics for conductive inks, in catalysis for chemical reactions, and in textiles for producing antibacterial fabrics. The improved properties of silver nanoparticles over bulk silver are mainly due to the increased proportion of surface atoms, which leads to higher surface energy and reactivity. Furthermore, the nanoscale dimensions allow for quantum confinement effects, enhancing their optical and electronic properties. These unique characteristics enable AgNPs to perform more effectively and efficiently in various applications, making them a vital component in advancing technology and healthcare solutions.