Exploring cocrystals and polymorphism in pharmaceutical science: A comprehensive review

The pharmaceutical industry has been working hard in recent years to find ways to control polymorphism, which involves many solid drug forms due to their various physical and chemical characteristics. Creating cocrystals and salts of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is one potential research direction. These substances have drawn a lot of attention because they can improve crucial pharmacological features without reducing therapeutic efficacy. It is significant to note that not all compounds having multiple hydrogen bond donor/acceptor groups and polymorphism properties will form cocrystals; this behavior varies. Pharmaceutical firms and researchers alter APIs, frequently by generating cocrystals, salts, or polymorphs. This review discusses analytical approaches for solids drug forms such as diffraction, spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and pharmaceutical characterization. These techniques enable us to investigate solid APIs thoroughly, from their bulk characteristics to their molecular composition. They offer vital details regarding the composition, attributes, purity, and probable changes of the substance. These technologies are also useful for continuous monitoring and analysis of drug development physical procedures.