Application of Nanotechnology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and use of Yeast extract in Plant Tissue Culture: An Updated Review

Plant tissue culture is a fastest in vitro cloning technique. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a critical process in plant tissue culture, enabling the regeneration of entire plants from somatic cells rather than through traditional sexual reproduction pathways. Transcription factors like WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX2) are crucial for maintaining cellular totipotency and regulating the developmental pathways of somatic embryo. Additionally, plant cell and organ cultures are of interest for the production of secondary metabolites of industrial and pharmaceutical interest. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing represents a revolutionary advance in plant genetic transformation, offering unparalleled precision in making targeted genetic modifications. Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has enhanced cannabis crop production and improved real-time monitoring, harvesting, processing and marketing. Nanotechnology is one of the most exciting and rapidly advancing fields in modern science, offering innovative solutions by integrating various disciplines, including life sciences and materials engineering.  AgNO₃ is also known for its role as an ethylene action inhibitor, influencing in vitro tissue responses by modulating growth and morphogenesis. The addition of AgNO₃ to plant tissue culture media has been shown to enhance shoot development by effectively inhibiting ethylene production. Nanoparticles have proven effective in enhancing regeneration, morphological development, morpho-physiology, and biochemical parameters of plantlets produced under in vitro. To increase the accumulation of bioactive compounds, yeast extract was used as elicitor. This elicitor induced a remarkable increase in total polyphenol content, with chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, and epicatechin being the most abundant. Yeast extract at 50 mg/L (YE50) was particularly effective, boosting biomass growth and the accumulation of key metabolites such as proteins, proline, phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins.