Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) Taxonomy-Guided Gamification in Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)

This study investigates the effectiveness of Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) Taxonomy–guided gamification in enhancing Grade 12 learners’ competencies in Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR). A mixed-methods quasi-experimental design was employed, involving ninety-six students from Camalig National High School, divided into two groups. The experimental group engaged with gamified DRRR modules structured by SOLO Taxonomy, while the control group received traditional instruction. Quantitative data were analyzed using mean scores, Mean Percentage Score (MPS), Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, complemented by qualitative insights from interviews, observations, and thematic analysis. Findings revealed that both groups initially performed well at the Unistructural and Multi-structural levels (71–86%) but struggled at the Relational and Extended Abstract levels (35% and 1%), respectively. Post-intervention, experimental group significantly outperformed the control group, demonstrating improved critical thinking and deeper conceptual integration of DRRR concepts. Learners in the gamified group exhibited steady progression toward relational thinking, actively connecting ideas and applying knowledge in meaningful contexts, supported by collaborative engagement and realistic disaster scenarios. 
The study concludes that SOLO Taxonomy–guided gamification is more effective than traditional methods in fostering higher-order thinking and meaningful disaster education. Practical implications highlight the need for localized modules tailored to Philippine disaster contexts, inclusive designs that accommodate diverse learners, and structured activities with clear instructions and motivational elements to sustain engagement. Recommendations include refining gamified modules to address implementation barriers and integrating them into DRRR curricula to strengthen disaster preparedness and resilience among learners.