Smart drug delivery systems: The integration of wearable and implantable technologies for precision medicine

Smart drug delivery systems (DDS) represent a transformative approach to modern healthcare by integrating advanced technologies such as nanotechnology, biomaterials, and wearable devices. These systems address limitations of traditional DDS, including poor bioavailability, systemic side effects, and non-specific targeting, by enabling precise, controlled, and targeted drug release. Wearable and implantable technologies, such as insulin pumps, transdermal patches, microneedle arrays, and electroceutical devices, enhance patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes through automated and non-invasive drug administration. Nanotechnology-based carriers like liposomes and nanoparticles improve drug solubility and stability while enabling site-specific action. Stimuli-responsive DDS further refine precision by releasing drugs in response to physiological triggers such as pH or temperature changes. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), 3D printing, and biodegradable materials is paving the way for personalized medicine by enabling patient-specific formulations and programmable drug delivery. These advancements are particularly impactful in treating chronic diseases, cancer, and genetic disorders. By minimizing off-target effects and optimizing pharmacokinetics, smart DDS improve safety and efficacy while reducing dosing frequency. This review highlights the evolution of DDS from conventional systems to cutting-edge wearable technologies and explores their mechanisms, advantages, and future scope in revolutionizing healthcare efficiency