A comprehensive biochemical and epidemiological review of avian influenza: Mechanisms, pharmacology and emerging trends in treatment

Avian influenza viruses, particularly H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2, pose significant threats to avian and human populations through zoonotic transmission, as they have potential to change their genetic material through mutations. Symptoms of Avian Influenza ranges from mild to severe, mainly respiratory problems in both and muscle aches, fatigue in humans. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms by which the virus infects host cells, emphasizing the roles of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) in viral entry and release. Biochemical processes involved in viral replication, immune responses, and cytokine production are discussed, with a detailed examination of how antiviral drugs like neuraminidase and polymerase inhibitors disrupt these processes. Outbreak of AIV can cause mass culling results in massive economic loss, trade disruptions, and consumer reductions. The review also addresses the challenges posed by antiviral resistance and outlines novel therapeutic strategies, including combination therapies, vaccine advancements, and host-directed treatments. With an interdisciplinary “One Health” approach, this paper underscores the need for enhanced biosecurity, international cooperation, and continued research to mitigate the global impact of avian influenza.