The bioactive constituents and biological properties of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum (Fenugreek): A comprehensive review

Fenugreek; the extremely nutritional plant of the Fabaceae family ranks amongst the oldest therapeutic plants used in traditional medicine. The plant has a broad –spectrum of pharmacological and biological activities which are traceable to its bioactive compounds and protective nutrients contained such as; flavonoids, diosgenin, saponins, galactomannans, trigonellin, essential oils, coumarins, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and scopoletin. These bioactive compounds elicit nutraceutical, immunomodultory, antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-hyperlipidemic, hypoglycaemic, anticarcinogenic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive effects via various mechanisms against common chronic diseases. Moreover, the plant also has protective effects on the digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive systems. This article considers the role of fenugreek contained bioactives on human milk production and lactation. The other biological activities are also discussed.