Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents: A comprehensive review

Yousef S.Sawikr; Mifthah S. Najem; Ameerah Aqeelah Abubaker

doi:10.30574/ijsra.2025.16.2.2224

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Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents: A comprehensive review

Yousef S.Sawikr ^{1, *}, Mifthah S. Najem ² and Ameerah Aqeelah Abubaker ³

¹ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ajdabiya, Ajdabiya, Libya.

² Dentistry Faculty, Department of Oral Microbiology, Benghazi University, Libya.

³ Higher Institute of Comprehensive Profession Slouuk Libya.

Review Article

International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2025, 16(02), 668-673

Article DOI: 10.30574/ijsra.2025.16.2.2224

DOI url: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.16.2.2224

Publication history

Received on 18 June 2025; revised on 09 August; accepted on 12 August 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global threat to public health. The increasing prevalence of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents necessitates a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms, contributing factors, and potential mitigation strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bacterial resistance mechanisms, focusing on the biochemical and genetic basis of resistance to various classes of antimicrobials. It explores the factors driving the emergence and spread of AMR, including antibiotic overuse, horizontal gene transfer, and selective pressures. Finally, the review delves into strategies for combating AMR, encompassing antimicrobial stewardship, development of novel antimicrobials, and alternative therapeutic approaches.

Keywords

Antimicrobial resistance; Antibiotic resistance; Bacteria; Resistance mechanisms; Antimicrobial stewardship; Horizontal gene transfer

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How to cite this article

Yousef S.Sawikr, Mifthah S. Najem and Ameerah Aqeelah Abubaker. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2025, 16(02), 668-673. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.16.2.2224.

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